Islamic Banking In Saudi Arabia Free Essays

string(260) " important of the characteristics mentioned above is that Islamic financial institutions should not involve under any circumstances, an element or a transaction based on Riba \(interest\), because the Islamic Financial system centers on interest-free banking\." INTRODUCTION: INTRODUCTION TO ISLAMIC BANKING: GENERAL OVERVIEW: It has been conceptualized that Islamic Banking refers to a financial system that is in parity with the fundamental Islamic concepts and highlight the values prevalent in the religion of Islam. These values are a pre-defined in a code of conduct called the Shariah Law that governs the Islamic way of life and. Sharia Law is influenced by the teachings in the Quran (the holy scripture followed by Muslims) and the Sunnah (teachings of the last Prophet), and is consistently practiced in all Islamic economies around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Islamic Banking In Saudi Arabia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sharia Law, on a general level, instructs individuals to abstain from the concept of fixed payment while simultaneously refraining from conventional banking policies and instruments that have elements of interest. Islamic law instructs its followers to avoid using interest (known as Riba) along with all classifications of conventional banking practices that are considered unethical. Therefore, business practices that are contrary to the principles of Sharia Law are termed as Haraam (forbidden). In essence, the concept of Islamic Banking differs from conventional banking system as it forbids the use of interest and relies on the transactions that are based upon tangible goods and real, measurable services. (1,2) HISTORICAL VIEW OF ISLAMIC BANKING: Historically, the use of interest was present in ancient Middle Eastern societies, imposed on the poor by the rich. However, with the spread of Islam, the teachings of the Quran and the Sunnah introduced a novel financial system that freed all citizens of interest (Riba) and introduced equal rights for all. Through the use of the Sharia Law in commencing businesses and transactions, various communities in the Middle Eastern region prospered and grew into an immense trading arena. Moreover, through the popularity of the Islamic banking system because of its attractive outcomes, the application and use of it spread worldwide and can now be found implemented in many western societies. (1,3) Before 1950s, Muslims strived and succeeded in giving way to a financial system that didn’t use interest to gather capital for business transactions (5,7). The evolution of contemporary Islamic banking system can be traced back to the 20th century, when Ahmad El Najjar from Egypt, built its basic foundation by introducing a system of savings based on ‘profit-sharing’. In 1963, a number of Egyptian banks applied the profit-sharing system by investing in local trade and industry, and shared the profits with the depositors. The Egyptian community discovered sound success during the years implementing Islamic financial system, aiding to the economy’s success. Although the return of profit is relatively slower in Islamic banking, bankers found the conventional financial system more attractive as it returned higher profit returns through the use of interest. Therefore, when conventional banking surfaced in many Middle Eastern societies, it quickly rose to great p opularity for businesses and investors. However, as the conventional system solely depended on interest-bearing activities, many scholars of Sharia Law dismissed it as prohibited according to the religion of Islam. (4,6) From the period of 1950 to 1960, Muslim scholars got together in order to formulate a banking system that would be free from interest and would be based on the fundamental principles of Islam. This resulted in the formation of a model known as present day Islamic banking, which was based on two concepts. Firstly, they established profit and loss sharing contracts, known as Mudarabah; and secondly the concept of Wakalah, an investment account in an Islamic bank that would earn a flat fee for investors. (3) Keeping this model in mind, the countries of Egypt and Malaysia were the first to produce Islamic financial institutions that were non-interest based. In 1971, Nasir Social Bank was established in Egypt that was essentially declared as ‘an interest-free commercial bank’. Later in the 1970s due to the booming oil revenues from the Middle Eastern countries, small commercial banks sprang up as they competed for the surplus funds amidst the growing popularity of no-interest banking (4,8,10). United Arab Emirates introduced the first commercial bank that was a result of private enterprise, established in 1974. This was followed by the establishment of an international financial institution by the name of Islamic Development Bank in 1975 in the city of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. (5) The 1980s saw rapid growth of the Islamic banking industry. One of the major developments in this period was the establishment of the Islamic Training Institute by IDB, which invested on research and development of conceptual and theoretical applications of the Islamic Banking principles. Countries like Bahrain and Malaysia supported the advent of such a system and promoted Islamic banking. This move was followed by the conversion of the banking systems to non-interest institutions in countries such as Iran, Pakistan and Sudan (3,10). Due to the phenomenal growth witnessed by other financial institutions, conventional banks began introducing Islamic windows in their institutions by offering Islamic products such as Mudarba and Musharaka, which are described later on in the report (7). In the 1990s the growth that was witnessed earlier steadied, as governments and lawmakers were attracted by the propositions of this banking system. Through increased development in the Islamic financial system, different innovative products and services were introduced. Islamic insurance, known as Takaful, was introduced along with the introduction of Islamic equity funds (2,3,8). In the contemporary world, the Islamic banking system has established itself across the world and got is recognized as a major banking system in both western and eastern societies around the world. (4) WHAT IS ISLAMIC BANKING? There are certain defining characteristics that separate an Islamic financial institution from a interest-based conventional system. Firstly, Islamic financial system shares the risk of investment that translates into sharing the risk of ownership concurrently (1). Secondly, Islamic banking is based on real assets and transactions that have a certain economic purpose (2,3). Thirdly, Islamic financial system grants that fairness should be guaranteed in the execution of the agreements so that there are no dubious terms and conditions for every party involved (6). The most important of the characteristics mentioned above is that Islamic financial institutions should not involve under any circumstances, an element or a transaction based on Riba (interest), because the Islamic Financial system centers on interest-free banking. You read "Islamic Banking In Saudi Arabia" in category "Essay examples" (3) GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: In order to understand the growth and development of the Islamic banking model, we need to evaluate the extent of reach of the current Islamic banking system. Islamic financial institutions have now engulfed several Muslim countries across the globe, and have begun establishing roots in many western societies. An eminent example is of the Islamic windows present in HSBC by the name of Amanah, as well as Standard Chartered Sadi in the UK. Figure 1: Geographic Breakdown of Islamic Assets Recent studies have established that Islamic assets have increased by 15% per annum over the past two decades (5,6). This is because Islamic economists have modeled current financial products offered by Islamic banks by adapting on to the much demanded conventional banking products to cater to and fulfill the consumer’s needs. However, they have successfully altered them to avoid the use of interest and comply with the fundamental aspects of Sharia Law. (5,9) The current global picture of the position of Islamic banking sector is very promising. Assets under the Islamic banking management would soon cross the 1 trillion dollar mark for the very first time in 2012 (3,6,9). In 2011, the assets were valued at 840 billion dollars, which was preceded by the asset value of 400 billion dollars in 2009 (4). This shows a remarkable growth of 100% in the year 2011 and a further 25% growth in 2012. (8,11) Table 1: Total Volume of Sharia Complaint Assets in USD Currently, there are 300 banks and financial institutions across 50 countries that offer Islamic financial services to its consumers (1,11). Economists’ have made predictions for the unparalleled growth and demand for the Islamic banking system, forecasting a growth rate of 15% to 20% annually for the next eight to ten years (5,8). According to these statistics, the growth in the Islamic Financial sector is set to achieve a 4 trillion dollar mark from 2020 to 2022. (3,9) ISLAMIC BANKING PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS: FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE ISLAMIC BANKING: Following are the key financial instruments applied in Islamic banking. Some of them may seem duplicate to many products offered by conventional banks, however, they differ through the basic concept of interest-free banking that are governed by Sharia Law. (3, 7, 10) Mudharabah Mudharabah is an agreement usually established between a capital provider and an entrepreneur, who will invest the amount in his business. Any profits generated would be shared in a pre-determined ratio, while losses incurred are borne solely by the provider of capital. This whole process of profit sharing will continue till the point that the loan is repaid. Musharakah Musharakah is usually confused with Mudarabah as the concepts are quite overlapping. Under Musharakah, partners provide different capitals to invest in their business. The profits generated are shared according to a pre-determined ratio; however, the losses suffered are shared according to the ratio of equity participation. Murabahah Under this financial instrument, goods are sold keeping in mind a certain profit margin that is agreed by both parties involved in the transaction. Every detail regarding the possible transaction should be elucidated to the purchaser, such as the selling price, purchase price and the profit margin. Murabahah is a fixed income loan that is used for buying assets with a profit margin involved. Wadiah and Hibah Wadiah is an arrangement where the bank is deemed as the â€Å"safe keeper† of the funds deposited, until the depositor wishes to withdraw the amount. In such an arrangement, the bank, at its own discretion, might use these funds to invest in businesses. By doing so, the bank will provide the depositor a certain amount for the use of their funds. Hibah refers to the same procedure; however, the capital comes from savings accounts held by consumers in an Islamic banks. Qardhul Hassan Qardhul Hassan is a loan that is extended on the basis of goodwill to the debtor where no interest is charged. The debtor is only to pay back the initial amount of the loan, without any added interest. In this situation, the debtor, in his pure appreciation of the bank’s services, can provide back an extra deposit at his own discretion without promising for it in the beginning. Takaful Takaful is referred to as Islamic insurance, based on the underlying concept of mutual cooperation and bearing each other’s burdens. In a Takaful agreement, the policyholders pay a certain premium to each other and in return share the profits made by businesses in which their funds have been invested in. Wakalah Wakalah is a term similar to a power of attorney. It is applied within the operations of Islamic banking where one person appoints another person to be his representative, bestowing on him the power to take transactions their behalf. Sukuk Sukuk refers to a bond that is issued with no interest charged on it. Thus, they are in accordance to the injunctions of Islam where the basic concept is the interest of ownership by the investor or the bondholder. Ijarah Ijarah refers to lease, wage or rent. In application to Islamic banking principles, it is the arrangement where the benefit of using a certain product is provided for a fixed charge. The bank would make available the asset or the service for a consumer to use, which they are to pay a certain fixed amount as rent until they continue using it. ISLAMIC BANKING IN KSA: ECONOMIC HISTORY: Saudi Arabia enjoys a rich economy, due to its prosperous oil-based reserves. As the country is an absolute monarchy, government intervention is present in most of the major activities and functions of the economy. The petroleum sector alone accounts for around 45 percent of the budgetary revenues, 55 percent in contribution to the Gross Domestic Product and most importantly 90 percent to the exports of the country (8). Saudi economy was an agrarian economy that was based on agriculture before the discovery of oil in the 1930s. One of the most prominent economic acceleration came from the 1973 oil crisis, from which Saudi Arabia gained benefit in its economic growth as the GDP per capita increased by 1858%. (4, 8) ISLAMIC BANKING SECTOR AND ITS GROWTH: The Islamic banking sector in the Saudi Arabia is supervised and governed by Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) (4,8). SAMA is an independently established and operated governmental agency that is directly subject to the orders and instructions passed by the Council of Ministers. The Ministry of Finance and National Economy is in charge for matters pertaining to SAMA. (4,8) The growth of the Islamic banking sector can be divulged from the fact that Saudi Arabian banking sector is currently the largest, when measured in terms of assets. The Al- Rajhi Banking and Investment Corporation is considered the largest Islamic Bank in the world (2,4). Currently there are 15 banks operating in the country, out of which 3 are foreign banks that have played their respective role in the growth of the banking industry in Saudi Arabia. They arethe Deutsche Bank, JP Morgan Chase and BNP Paribas. (2,7,9) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL BANKING AND ISLAMIC BANKING: In conventional banking, money is treated like a commodity that can be sold at a price higher than its face value. However, in Islamic banking money retains its position at store value and a medium of exchange only that cannot be sold at a higher price. Also, in conventional banking, interest is charged on the time value of capital whereas in Islamic banking profit is earned through trade of goods and services. Moreover, in conventional banking, interest is charged even when the party suffers losses. This doesn’t depict the profit and loss sharing arrangement (9, 11). In Islamic banking, in case of losses suffered, the bank will share the losses depending on the financial instrument used. Under the system of conventional banking, no agreement is made to allow for the exchange of services when dealing with the disbursement of cash finance, working capital finance or running finance. On the contrary, while disbursing cash finances under Islamic banking system, agreements regarding the exchange of goods and services must be made and followed through. While using money as a commodity, conventional banking system can lead to inflation whereas the Islamic banking contributes to the development of the economy by linking the sectors of the economy to trade activities and thus creating a link with the real assets as well. (7, 10) COMPARING TABLE: Works Cited Choudhury, M.A. Venture capital in Islam: a critical examination. Journal of Economic Studies, Vol. 28:1,2011 Lewis, Mervyn, and Latifa M. Algaoud. Islamic Banking. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Print, 2001. Ghannadian, Farhad F., and Gautam Goswami. Developing Economy Banking: The Case of Islamic Banks. International Journal of Social Economics 31.8: 740-52. Print. 2004 Binladen, Abdullah M. Western Banking Practices and Shari’a Law in Saudi Arabia a Thesis. 1992. Bintawin, Samar. Performance Analysis of Islamic Banking: Some Evidence from Saudi Arabian Banking. Journal of Economic Studies, Vol. 29:5, 2011. Muzaffar, Islam. Growth and Development of Islamic Banking. 2002. MAbid Ali Al-Jarhi and Munawar Iqbal. Islamic Banking: Answers To Some Frequently Asked Questions. Islamic Development Bank, Islamic Research And Training Institute, Occasional Paper No.4, 1422h, 2001 Saudia Arabia Banking Sector. Global Research. 2006. International Association of Islamic Banks. Report, Cairo, Egypt: IAIB. 1998 Islahi, AbdulAzim. Hennie Van Greuning and Zamir Iqbal Risk Analysis for Islamic Banks. The World Bank, Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Islamic Economics 22.1: 197-204, 2009. Chachi, Abdelkader. â€Å"Munawar Iqbal and Philip Molyneux Thirty Years Oflslomic Banking: History, Performance and Prospects.† Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Islamic Economics 19.1: 39-41, 2006. How to cite Islamic Banking In Saudi Arabia, Essay examples

Ny Giants free essay sample

The New York Giants are a professional football team, located in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Giants have been around since 1925, and have become a well-known organization and one that other teams look to emulate. The Giants play their home games at MetLife Stadium which was just built in 2010. The Giants are a part of my life, everyday conversation, looking up breaking news, who they are interested in taking in this year’s draft. It’s something I can share with my Dad, a fellow Giants fan, and many of my close friends. This team keeps us talking for hours as if we were on the field or in the locker room with them. There’s nothing better than waiting around all week to watch this team play on Sunday’s. History 1925-1932 The New York Giants came into the league in 1925; the team was purchased by owner Tim Mara for 0. In the first season as being a professional football team the Giants ended up with an 8-4 record. In both 1929 and 1930 the Giants lost in the title game to the Green Bay Packers. In 1930 Tim Mara who had purchased the team gave up ownership to his two sons Wellington and Jack Mara. In that same year many believed that college athletes played with more intensity and passion than professional players. The New York Giants played a team of Notre Dame All-Stars. The Game was played at the Polo Grounds, in hopes of raising money for New Yorks unemployed. The Giants ran away with the game, not even letting up a single point to Notre Dame. Many believe that this was a game that proved the legitimacy of the professional game. 1933-1956 The Giants would win their first ever NFL title in 1934 where they defeated the Chicago Bears by a score of 30-13. This game is one that will always be remembered and is better known by the â€Å"Sneaker Game. The Giants were trailing going into halftime 13-3, during half time many of the Giants changed out of their cleats and played the second half in sneakers because the field was so icy. The Giants gained traction by wearing the sneakers and went on to win the game. From 1933-1946 the Giants played in eight NFL titles games winning two of them. In 1941 with the bombing of Pearl Harbor many football players joined the service and lost their lives. The NFL struggled as did the Giants; there was some hope in 1952 when the Giants selected Frank Gifford with the number one overall pick in the NFL draft. The picture to the left is of Al Blozis of the Giants who died during World War II. ) 1956-1978 The Giants won the 1956 NFL Championship that had a team and coaching staff of people who would be inducted into the National Football Hall of Fame. During the 1956 season the Giants also found a new home stadium, they played their home games at Yankee Stadium moving from the Polo Grounds. From 1958-1963, the Giants made the Championship game five times. Unfortunately, they had nothing to show for this as they lost all five Championship games. From 1964-1978 the Giants recorded only two seasons with winning records and had zero playoff appearances. In 1976 the Giants moved to their own stadium, the Meadowlands, in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In 1978 the Giants played one of their most hated rivals, the Philadelphia Eagles. The Giants had the lead with seconds left and instead of kneeling and the game being over, the Giants decided to run the ball. The ball was fumbled and return by the Eagles for a touchdown and a win, this game is known as â€Å"The Miracle in the Meadowlands. † 1979-1993 In 1979 the Giants began rebuilding their team back into contenders. They drafted quarterback Phil Simms in 1979, and in 1981 drafted linebacker Lawrence Taylor. In 1981, Taylor won the Defensive Rookie of the Year Award and the Defensive Player of the Year Award. In 1986 the Giants had a 14-2 regular season record and were led by Phil Simms and the league MVP and Defensive Player of the Year Lawrence Taylor. This was a special season that ended with a Superbowl win. In 1990 the team won its second Superbowl over the Buffalo Bills 20-19, led by Taylor and Simms once again. In 1993, both Taylor and Simms retired and members of the New York Giants. 994-Present In 2000 the Giants reached the Superbowl again for a third time to face the Baltimore Ravens. The Giants got a beating in this game and lost 34-7. In 2004 the Giants introduced new head coach Tom Coughlin. They also traded up in that year’s draft to the number four spot. They selected quarterback Philip Rivers, and in a blockbuster trade were able to get Eli Manning from the San Diego Chargers who was the number one overall pick. In 2007 the Giants went on a magical playoff run where they ended up in the Superbowl against the heavily favored undefeated New England Patriots. The Giants won 17-14 in one of the greatest Superbowl upsets. . This past season the 2011-2012 season was a roller coaster ride that had so many ups and downs, but ended with every fans dream, a Superbowl victory. That being said, buckle up, and get ready to relive the Giants Superbowl run. New York Giants 2011-2012 Season Ever since Tom Coughlin became the coach of the New York Giants they have always started off the season with a great record. Every fan is so happy that this could be a Superbowl year. Once the second half of the season starts the Giants begin to stumble and lose games to teams that should be beat. This season was no different and had me on the edge of my seat all season long, bad losses, close games, and must win games. It was a memorable year that I will tell my kids and grandkids about. Before the season started the Giants had lost some key players. Eli Manning loved throwing the ball to Steve Smith and Kevin Boss, both left to go to different teams. This left the door open for Victor Cruz and Jake Ballard to emerge as stars. Through the first nine weeks of the season the Giants were sitting pretty with a 6-2 record. The Giants were on a roll, but in the back of every fans mind was their play during the second half of the season. Everyone believed it couldn’t happen, again. As Giants fans all over sat down hoping to avoid a second half collapse the Giants lost the next four games they played, bringing their record to 6-6. With their backs against the walls, there was still hope. They could still win their division. The following game they beat the Dallas Cowboys, another heated rival of the Giants, only to lose the following week to the lowly Washington Redskins. With two games remaining in the regular season the Giants had to win both games to win their division and secure a playoff spot. They had to play the New York Jets and the Dallas Cowboys again. The previous two years the Jets had made it to back to back AFC Championship games, one game away from heading to the Superbowl. They lost both games but they were talking as if they owned New York. Jets Coach Rex Ryan and his players started talking about how it was their town now; the Giants didn’t do much talking the week leading up to the game. The Giants beat the Jets, and personally I don’t know what I would have done if they lost that game. This left them with one game to win and move on to the playoffs, a showdown against a heated rival in the Dallas Cowboys. In this do or die game against the Dallas Cowboys the Giants looked as if they were ready to make a Superbowl push. They came out and dominated every facet of the game, their defense was clicking on all cylinders and the offense moved down the field every possession. The Giants dominated the Cowboys by a score of 31-14. They had won the NFC East division and were on their way to the playoffs where they would go on a magical run. This team was battle tested, facing two must win games, essentially playoff games. Their first round opponent was the Atlanta Falcons.

Year of Wonders Essay Essay Example

Year of Wonders Essay Paper Background of the novel: 1. William Shakespeare wrote most of his known dramas between 1589 and 1613. and died in 1616.2. Elizabeth I was succeeded by James VI of Scotland ( going James I of Great Britain upon his crowning ) . in 1603.3. Between the old ages of 1649 and 1660. during the English Civil War. England had no sovereign ; alternatively. the state was temporarily ruled by Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell as a military/parliament. 4. In seventeenth Century England. many people believed that enchantresss were abound and were the cause of a assortment of otherwise difficult-to-explain behavior amongst people ; if a individual were found guilty of witchery. they were sentenced to decease by hanging. We will write a custom essay sample on Year of Wonders Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Year of Wonders Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Year of Wonders Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 5. Puritans were those of a peculiar division of the Christian religion. differing notably from other subdivisions in largely their positions on morality. which they believed to be improbably of import – and pursued down to the finest degree of item – and the construction and mode of their worship ( eschewing the intervention of outside beginnings. such as swayers of the land. into faith. and non seeking felicity by normal agencies. taking it alternatively from their belief that they were moving harmonizing to God’s will ) . 6. ( I couldn’t reply the first portion of this inquiry. as after seeing multiple versions of the book’s screen at that place seems to be no repeating phrase to see as a ‘subtitle’. ) Historical Fiction: 1. While some people may keep the outlook that historical fiction would be based on facts and research. painting a realistic image of its scene. I would state that such an premise is non. or at least should non be. normally present ; historical fiction is labelled as ‘fiction’ for a ground. and as such is grounded excessively much in alternate world. taking excessively much to supply amusement instead than information. to be considered an accurate. researched portraiture of its scene. Of class. there are exclusions – Year of Wonders. in portion. being one – but even that does non supply a realistic adequate image of its clip and topographic point to do the outgrowth of such an outlook of factual proviso going platitude in the genre seem a good thought. 2. I believe that an author’s ability to determine their stuff into an effectual and prosecuting narrative holds a higher place of importance than their willingness to adhere to historically accurate happenings ; if the writer aims to steep their audience in the narrative. so every other facet of the book is secondary to that end. In the same manner as one would be unwise to try to compose a good book about a purposefully deadening premiss or character. there is small point in keeping historical truth if such care detracts from the amusement of the piece. Even if the purpose is non amusement. but instead the conveyance of a peculiar subject. the same logical thinking applies – there is small to no ground in keeping historical truth if the subjects being presented could be done so far more efficaciously without such truth. 3. Although it is evidently of import in any medium to avoid anachronic happenings that could take away from the narrative. I do non hold that the ‘anachronisms’ in Year of Wonders could be classified as such. in that they do non look to be genuinely anachronic at all. By this. I mean that the attitudes of the chief characters do non look incredible. even sing the book’s puting. as any epoch will ever hold those who think otherwise – so. if non for this. this outgrowth of persons traveling against the position quo who may obtain the rare opportunity to act upon others. mankind’s common values would neer hold changed since its origin. Each of the characters in inquiry seems to hold been written with adequate account of their ain values and attitudes that they are justified. even within the context. While these fortunes are surely unlikely. they are non impossible. and trying to name those two things one and the same is kindred to labelling twenty-four hours the same as dark by the mere fact that they lie following to each other in the rhythm of clip. Reading the Novel: 1. It would look that the ground for which Geraldine Brooks gave the name Year of Wonders to her novel is that. despite the annihilating effects of the pestilence on Anna’s life. there genuinely were ‘wonders’ that happened for. and about. her in that twelvemonth. She grew closer than she of all time may hold expected to a good friend ; she salvaged many an guiltless life with her ( albeit shaky at first ) willingness in being a accoucheuse. which finally led to her happening what she believed her true naming ; she witnessed her town’s sacrificial act of goodness. saving guiltless bystanders from sharing in Eyam’s wretched destiny ; and. finally. she managed to happen felicity. emerging from that most seeking twelvemonth scathed but still really much alive. re-starting her life anew and settling down with two healthy. happy kids to name her ain. 2. Here is a list of my initial feelings of the characters in Year of Wonders: * Anna – A miss whose artlessness was taken from her by that which she has experienced. looking embittered and disillusioned with the universe around her but standing as a strong pillar of kindness in malice of that. To those familiar with the nomenclature – for I can believe of no better term for Anna’s character – she seems at first ( and throughout the narrative ) to be a ‘Mary Sue’ . * Michael – A once-great adult male driven into an about catatonic province by the events of the pestilence. * Elizabeth – An unpleasant adult female. spoilt to the point of unbelievable greed and selfishness by the fortunes of her upbringing. * Jamie – A kid like any other. energetic and speculative. * George – Good and kindhearted. to the degree that these qualities become leery. * Jane – A priggish and serious immature miss. seting her spiritual positions above all else in her life to a possibly obsessional extent. * Sam – Dull. yet sort ; a simple adult male. content with his life. * Tom – A typical babe ; along with Jamie. he is the topic of his mother’s devotedness and love. and much of her ground for life now that Sam is dead. * Elinor – Kind and carefree. yet brooding and devoted ; Anna’s image of flawlessness. * Mem – A adult female weathered by the universe. demoing built-in goodness behind a more crabbed outside as she remains to be given to a small town of people who think none excessively extremely of her. * Anys – A immature miss demoing the same Weltschmerz. disposition and consciousness as her aunt. though whose morality is possibly more tarred due to her selfishness. her bluntness and her neglect for typical values. * Stanley –Similarly to Jane. a individual who treats worship and morality as being about synonymous with life itself. * Aphra – Self-absorbed to the extreme and paranoid towards any outside forces in her l ife. * Lib – A representation of a typical miss of the Middle Ages. functioning as a foil to Anna’s more progressive character. * Colonel Bradford – A selfish. ill-mannered adult male. holding grown accustomed to mistreating the power granted to him. * Miss Bradford – A typical rich adult female of the times. sing her wealth as a item of high quality. * Robert – A roving immature adult male of high-toned birth. seeking simple amusement after go forthing his place town of London. * Mary – An everyday adult female on face degree. desiring merely a field and happy life. * Surgeon ( s ) – [ Grouped together because they are of identical dispositions ] Fearful work forces. seeking non genuinely to assistance others at critical points but instead to derive a stock of money from their work and remain in safety themselves. * The Sexton – A hard-working old adult male. seeking simply to make his responsibility in a most hard clip. * Brad â₠¬â€œ Though non peculiarly evil. a superstitious. desperate and stupid adult male. * Faith – Much the same as her male parent. Brad.* Urith – The same as Brad.* Martin – Same as above.* Maggie – A hard-working. honest peasant adult female.* Jenny – Same as above. * Brand – A cautious adult male. but one who has goodness within him. * Jakob – Kind and suiting. despite his hard batch in life. * Josiah – A cruel and angry adult male non afraid to utilize his strength to acquire his ain manner ; like his married woman Aphra. he seems to reject anything other than the construct of ego. * Sally – An wholly guiltless victim. her decease looking representative of that which makes the villagers start to abandon their religion. * Kate – Another desperate. simple peasant adult female. seeking safety but throwing off ground in an effort to make it. * Merry – Like Sally. Merry is a below the belt victimised kid. but unlike her. Merry appears to stand for hope and strength. * Alun – A gruff adult male. set in his ways. but with a good sense of right and incorrect. * Randoll – A simple villager with a good bosom. * Henry – Another field villager. of a gruff and unpleasant disposition himself. but angered back into caring about morality by Josiah’s actions. * Lottie and Tom – Desperate parents who have suspended their incredulity of the supernatural in a vain effort to protect their kid. * John – A adult male whose already-fragile head snapped from the fright and heartache of the pestilence. spurring him to reckless action. * Urith – Meek ; locked up in concealing due more to fear of her hubby than of the pestilence. * James – A saddening old figure. his religion tested by his continued endurance while more meaningful lives pass off in forepart of his eyes. * Mrs. Bradford – A fearful adult female. whose subservience to her hubby is so great as to excel her attention for her child’s life. * The Innkeeper – An honest. fair-minded adult male with a good sense of justness. * Ahmed – Refined. sort and accepting. 3. Brooks’ descriptions of the small town and countryside are used to make suspense by portraying the alteration from a normal. absolutely functional town to a broken wreck ; references of laughter. of playful kids and of the sounds of work. are replaced by a fateful silence. while the town itself becomes overgrown and filled with decay. The ground that these scenes – scenes of a once-lively town reduced to an image of decease – create suspense is that. no affair where the characters focus. they will be presented by a reminder of the ruins around them. demoing them merely how close they are to that destiny themselves. 4. The positions developed by Brooks throughout the narrative seem to unite into one chief subject – a willingness to oppugn the position quo. to demo that the current province of things may non ever be for the best. This is shown through category divides ( oppugning whether the affluent genuinely deserve their privileged position. as evidenced by the selfishness of the Bradfords ) . comparative gender equality for the times ( as both work forces and adult females play a important function in halting the terminal state of affairs from being even worse ; if. as was typical of the times. merely the work forces had been allowed to make up ones mind on issues – and. for illustration. Anna and Elinor had non been able to take to move as accoucheuses – the decease toll may good hold been higher ) . and the firm finding to comprehend the pestilence as a spiritual happening instead than a natural one ( which. by concentrating eyes in the incorrect way. probably caused th e loss of many lives ; if the true ground for the pestilence had been discovered earlier. more effectual countermeasures could hold been taken ) . This general subject. and its constituents. reflects modern-day attitudes instead accurately – recent society has surely become more unfastened to altering the position quo. and such things as gender equality and decreased outlooks of faith seem to hold worked instead good in altering society for the better. 5. Contrast between characters can be seen between multiple braces in Year of Wonders. Anna seems to hold four chief contrasting characters. each of a different sort – foremost. she and Aphra are contrasted in their desires. with Anna’s being mostly for the well-being of other people while her stepmother’s are selfish. Michael Mompellion could be considered the 2nd contrast to Anna. as he is an ab initio strong adult male weakened by his tests and losingss while Anna’s seem to function merely to beef up her resoluteness in the terminal. Anys is the contrast to Anna’s 3rd specifying characteristic ; while Anna is a instead traditional miss despite her single ways. and hides much of her true ego and her sentiments inside. Anys’ positions would non look wholly common in our twenty-four hours. and she has small reserve about talking her head bluffly. Finally. Anna’s state of affairs – that of a strong. surpassing adult female. hidden behind the mask of a cautious. commonplace miss – is opposite to that of Elinor. who appears in Anna’s eyes to be a near-flawless adult female radiating energy but is internally scarred and in convulsion. Elinor. with her changeless kindness and equal intervention despite her high-toned household background. has another contrasting character of her ain in Elizabeth. the rich girl of the William bradfords who abuses her power and thinks merely of her ain desires. One more outstanding contrast is between Colonel Bradford and Michael – while both being intelligent work forces. the Colonel seeks to use this intelligence merely to protect himself. whereas Michael aims to help those around him. The Structure of the Novel: 1. It seems that flashback has been used here for a battalion of grounds ; it allows for a more direct before-and-after contrast to demo the development of her character throughout the twelvemonth ( by virtuousness of snarling from one to the other ; in a gradual build-up. the alterations would be less noticeable ) . it reveals the inevitable terminal of the narrative so as to put an accent on the book’s characters and puting instead than its plot’s branchings. and it creates a sense of wonder as to merely how events transpired within the focused-upon twelvemonth to make such alteration as can be seen. 2. While get downing with a flashback is. as antecedently explained. effectual in puting up a assortment of waies to put the foundation for stating a narrative. it is non a solve-all solution for storytelling ; some facets of the narrative can non be satisfactorily fleshed out without the reader holding some pre-established cognition of the characters. puting and such things. and so I imagine that is for this ground that Brooks decided to revisit this clip. 3. While I am non certain on this fact. it would look that the in-between 13 chapters of the narrative were so narrated in chronological order ; if this is non the instance. so I would possibly state that the signposting to demo this mistiming was deficient. Leaf-fall. 1666: Apple-picking Time: 1. Key character interactions and citations in this gap chapter are: * Anna’s devotedness to the deteriorated Michael Mompellion. bestiring wonder as to what led to the state of affairs. * Michael’s heartache and resentment over the loss of Elinor. * The cold. vindictive attitude held towards Elizabeth as a member of the Bradfords. * The reference that Josiah ‘loved the pot more than his children’ . * Elizabeth being ‘sour-faced and spoiled’ . * ‘His manus is on the bible. but he neer opens it’ – Michael’s spiritual wonts contrasting with his tattered religion. * Anna’s motivations in caring for Michael. demoing her devotion of Elinor: ‘I do it for her. I tell myself I do it for her. Why else would I make it. after all? ’ * Michael’s cold narration of a transition from the Bible. demoing farther his heartache from the loss of Elinor and his feeling of treachery from God: ‘Your married woman will be like a fruitful vine within your house ; your kids will be like olive shoots around your table†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2. I think that Brooks chose to utilize first-person narrative because it would look that the narrative she seeks to state is chiefly one of a individual girl’s character development ; while third-person authorship allows for a greater range of focal point on multiple characters or a wider narrative. the first-person position tends to let the author to more accurately portray the nuanced ideas of an person. and so it seems more adjustment for this intent. Another possible ground is that this subjective first-person narrative. shown through the imagined eyes of Anna Frith. paints the emotions and feel of the puting better than a first-person narration may pull off to easy make. 3. Archaic and dialect words contribute to the narrative by making a more realistic scene ; in a similar manner to the aforesaid illustration of mistiming ( an antediluvian Roman have oning a ticker ) . the story’s sense of pragmatism would be broken if the occupants of a little. seventeenth century British town were to talk merely as we do today. 4. Aside from the stated phrases. noteworthy marks of decay. loss and disenchantment in this chapter are: * ‘The courtyard hadn’t been swept in a sennight. It smelled of decomposing straw and Equus caballus urine. ’ * ‘If there’s one thing I couldn’t stand any longer. it’s the aroma of a decomposition apple. ’ * ‘†¦sometimes I feel that I’m be givening merely another in that long emanation of dead. ’ * ‘My neighbours’ bungalow was empty. the Hedera helix already crawling across the Windowss and the Grey lichens crusting the Sillss. ’ * ‘ [ Nature ] has taken less than a twelvemonth to get down to repossess its topographic point. ’ 5. Some illustrations of analogues between the physical devastation of the garden and the religious devastation of Michael are: * The thought that Elinor would be regretful to see what had become of her garden ; merely as it has been dirtied with weeds. so excessively has Michael’s spirit been corrupted by his choler and heartache. and Elinor would be most saddened to see what had become of this once-strong adult male. * In relation to the old point. Anna comments. ‘I expect she would understand why it is so’ . * Anna besides comments on how cipher could truly reconstruct Elinor’s garden back to its former glorification. pulling comparings to how – no affair what attempts Anna or any others may do in bettering Michael’s province of depression – they could neer be given to him with the same accomplishment as his married woman could hold ; he could neer return to being the steadfast bastion of strength that he was when he stood with Elino r’s support. 6. It does non. to me. seem that Anna’s comparative stableness in the face of Michael’s mental prostration indicates a message of feminist resiliency ; regardless of Brooks’ purpose. the two merely seem to be different people. defined in this facet by their characters instead than their genders. This position is supported by Aphra’s autumn into perverse insanity. which surely contained no message of adult females being inherently strong. 7. Examples of the complexnesss of Anna’s character shown in this chapter are: * Her prioritising of compassion above tradition – ‘A retainer has no right to remain. one time she’s dismissed. But I did stay†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ( Page 4 ) * Her hesitancy to allow any life be in demand. unhappiness or danger – be givening to the Equus caballus ( ‘I kept chattering. quietly. as I used to with the kids when they were scared or hurt. ’ ( Page 5 ) ) . non desiring to draw out the works ( ‘like me. so brimming of terminations that they can non bear to twist even a scrawny sapling from its tenuous clasp on life. ’ ( Page 12 ) ) .

Choose The Right Research Essay Sample

Choose The Right Research Essay SampleAre you a student looking for a short research essay sample? Well, no worries. With so many available resources in the Internet and through other sources, it can be hard to pick just one.But you should try not to make the choice until you see one of these samples: a non-fiction story that you've read and liked; an excerpt from a professional opinion piece; a sample from a favorite science fiction novel; or a speech about the process of discovery that you've heard on the radio. You will find these samples are very helpful when trying to improve your essay topic and structure.Sometimes, the best way to decide which research essay sample to use is by looking at the contents of the essay. How do you know that this is the right choice? In particular, make sure that the essay does not contain any hard grammar mistakes. Keep in mind that grammar is just as important as style in a research essay.Another way to determine if a research essay sample is righ t for you is by taking into consideration what you have learned about writing your own essay. The idea is to understand the requirements of a research essay and to see if they would fit with the sample and if you have the time to go through it and revise it accordingly.Often, the more time you can devote to writing the research essay sample, the better. But you will want to ensure that you get something out of it that will hold your attention and be entertaining.A good research essay sample is often one that has taken several months to write. If the topic is something that interests you, you may want to consider using one of the older research essay samples that were written previously, even if you're a fresh graduate.A good research essay sample can help you learn how to write a research essay and can help you come up with topics that will help you hone your skills. These examples will also give you an idea of what you should look for when choosing the right research essay sample.

Report Writing About Depression

Report Writing About Depression Paul Dewey (2006) defined depression as a health condition which is characterised with intense feelings of low mood or sadness. Even though these are common feelings in human life that are likely to come as a result of normal reactions to matters of life, depression is much more serious since it interferes with people’s lives in a negative manner (p. 285).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Report Writing About Depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Globally, the incidence of depression tends to be high. However, the prevalence of the condition varies greatly throughout the world, with some countries having higher rates than others. Focusing on the Australian context, Slade and others (2009) stated that depression is among the top three individual health problems in Australia together with stroke and heart attack. The incidence of the disease in the country is observed to have risen over the years to reach very high levels today (p. 594). According to the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, conducted in 2014, there are around one million people in Australia suffering from depression today. In fact, depression has a high lifetime-prevalence where it is observed that one in seven Australians will experience depression in their lifetime. Depression triggers serious economic as well as social impacts on Australians, as a result of the management costs and the many suicide deaths that would tend to arise from the condition. Even though depression can occur at any age of life, it is very common with the elderly people who are highly exposed to most of the factors contributing to the condition. There are many factors that can trigger depression for all age groups, but some of the common causes would include things such as illnesses, bereavement, loss of independence, and exposure to brutal life conditions. People having depression may be identified with feelings of sad ness, loss of interest in common matters of life, hopelessness, emptiness, and despair, among other symptoms (Barney et al., 2006). This condition can interfere with people’s ability to eat, rest, work, participate in studies, and interact with others. The prognosis for people suffering from depression is often not favourable. In most cases, the deep hopelessness experienced in depression would make victims see suicide as the only way to escape from the brutalities of the condition (Sanchez, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Also, depression can result in permanent insanity and non-fatal disability. Apart from the extreme outcomes highlighted above, victims are also likely to adopt bad behaviours that can be characterised with things such as homicidal violence, drug abuse, and irritability. The treatment of people with depression has become much easier in Austra lia due to the many developments that have been realised in the Healthcare Sector. For instance, the use of modern technologies in the sector has improved the work of the professionals who deal with this condition, thus making it more manageable (Sawyer et al., 2001). Different health care professionals across the country can offer treatment and advice on how to handle depression. Apart from the role played by doctors, much help can also be realised through the help of psychologists and psychiatrists. These later professionals in the health care sector assist people to cope with life issues in an effective way, thus helping to minimise cases of depression (Wilson, 2007). Common psychological treatments in Australia include things such as family therapy, interpersonal therapy, and cognitive behavior therapy. Depression is often misunderstood by many people in the world, and this helps to explain the many myths surrounding the condition today. For example, there are many misunderstand ings about the condition and how it impacts people’s lives in Australia. Following is a summary of some of the common myths of depression in the country. There is concrete evidence that many people in Australia tend to believe that depression is the cause of all suicide deaths in the world, but this not true (Reavley Jorm, 2011). Even though depression is a major cause of suicide deaths, not all people who commit suicide suffer from the condition. But the truth of the matter is that suicide deaths can also occur as a result of other causes. In some cases, people have also been misled to believe that depression is a communicable disease. This is also not true, since it has been proven that depression is a condition which is triggered by some common factors in life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Report Writing About Depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is also a misunderstanding that all young p eople will develop depression, and therefore, it is just a normal part of human life (Jorm et al., 2006). This is also a myth, and the truth about this perception is that depression does not come just to anybody, and in case it occurs, it can be to people of any age and not only young people. This explanation can also apply in dismissing a belief by some communities that depression only affects the old, which is also not true. Another false belief about depression is that it always leads to insanity. There is also a misleading perception that people suffering from this condition are doomed. Another serious misinformation about depression is that, talking and listening to ones family and friends alone can permanently cure the condition. All these myths among others that have not been observed here are likely to perpetuate discrimination and stigma against the victims. For instance, people suffering from the condition will be sidelined by others for fear that they will pass the diseas e to them. More importantly, the victims are viewed as doomed people who are destined for death through suicide, and in that case, they are discriminated and stigmatized by others in the community. The media, both fiction and non-fiction, has been a significant tool which has been used to portray the issue of depression and other mental problems in Australia. Even though study has shown most of these media to have played a key role in informing the public about depression, others have just misinformed people about the condition, thus further perpetuating the discrimination and stigma associated with it (Highet, Luscombe Davenport, 2006). However, the good news is that over 80 percent of the media have taken the issue of depression more seriously, thus applying every effort to inform people about it. A good example here is the Australian print media which has extensively continued to educate people about the facts surrounding the condition (McGorry et al., 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More More positive outcomes in regard with media portrayal of depression are likely to be realised in Australia, considering the efforts of programs such as ‘Mindframe National Media Initiative’ that have been at the fore-front in providing guidelines on how different media platforms should portray depression to the people. References Barney, L., Griffiths, K., Jorm, A., Christensen, H. (2006). Stigma about depression and its impact on help†seeking intentions. Australian and New  Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(1), 51-54. Highet, N., Luscombe, G., Davenport, T. (2006). Positive relationships between public awareness activity and recognition of the impacts of depression in Australia and Burns. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(1), 55-58. Jorm, A., Barney, L., Christensen, H., Highet, N., Kelly, C., Kitchener, B. (2006). Research on mental health literacy: what we know and what we still need to know. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychia try, 40(1), 3-5. McGorry, P., Purcell, R., Hickie, I., Jorm, A. (2007). Investing in youth mental health is a best buy. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7), S5-S7. Paul, S. Dewey, H. (2006). Prevalence of depression and use of antidepressant medication at 5-years poststroke in the North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study. Stroke, 37(11), 285-289. Reavley, N., Jorm, A. (2011). Recognition of mental disorders and beliefs about treatment and outcome: findings from an Australian National Survey of Mental Health Literacy and Stigma. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(11), 947-956. Sanchez, L. (2001). Suicide in mood disorders. Depress Anxiety, 14(3), 77-82. Sawyer, M., Arney, F., Baghurst, P., Clark, J., Graetz, B., Kosky, R., Zubrick, S. (2001). The mental health of young people in Australia: key findings from the child and adolescent component of the national survey of mental health and well†being. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35(6), 806-814. Slade, T., Johnston, A., Oakley B., Andrews, G., Whiteford, H. (2009). 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: methods and key findings. Australasian  Psychiatry, 43(7), 594-605. Wilson, C. J. (2007). When and how do young people seek professional help for mental health problems? The Medical Journal of Australia, 187(4), S35-S39.

10 Facts About Spanish Adverbs

10 Facts About Spanish Adverbs Here are 10 facts about Spanish adverbs that will come in handy to know as you learn Spanish: 1. An adverb is a part of speech that is used to modify the meaning of an adjective, verb, another adverb or an entire sentence. In other words, adverbs in Spanish have basically the same function as they do in English. 2. Most adverbs are formed by taking the singular feminine form of the adjective and adding the suffix -mente. Thus -mente is usually the equivalent of the -ly ending in English. 3. Many of the most common adverbs are short words that dont end in -mente. Among them are aquà ­ (here), bien (well), mal (poorly), no (not), nunca (never) and siempre (always). 4. Regarding placement of adverbs, adverbs that affect the meaning of a verb usually go after the verb, while adverbs that affect the meaning of an adjective or another adverb are usually placed in front of the word they refer to. 5. It is extremely common in Spanish to use an adverbial phrase, usually a phrase of two or three words, where an adverb might be used in English. In fact, in many cases Spanish speakers often prefer adverbial phrases even where a corresponding adverb exists. For example, while the adverb nuevamente, meaning newly or anew, is readily understood, native speakers are much more likely to say de nuevo or otra vez to mean much the same thing. 6. In a series of adverbs that end in -mente, the -mente ending is used on only the final adverb. An example would be in the sentence Puede compartir archivos rpida y fcilmente (You can share files quickly and easily), where the -mente is shared with rpida and fcil. 7. Some nouns act as adverbs even though you might not think of them that way. Common examples are  the days of the week  and  the months. In the sentence Nos vamos el lunes a una cabaà ±a en el campo (Were going away Monday to a cabin in the country), el lunes is functioning as an adverb of time. 8. Occasionally, singular masculine adjectives can function as adverbs, especially in informal speech. Sentences such as canta muy lindo (he/she sings beautifully) and estudia fuerte (he studies hard) can be heard in some areas but sound wrong or overly informal in other areas. Such usage is best avoided except in imitation of native speakers in your locality. 9. Adverbs of doubt or probability that affect the meaning of a verb often require the affected verb to be in the subjunctive mood. Example: Hay muchas cosas que probablemente no sepas sobre mi paà ­s. (There are many things you probably dont know about my country.) 10. When no or another adverb of negation comes before a verb, a negative form can still be used afterward, forming a double negative. Thus a sentence such as No tengo nada (literally, I dont have nothing) is grammatically correct Spanish.

Genetics, environment, general biology, evolution, plants, etc. and Article

Genetics, environment, general biology, evolution, plants, etc. and provide a one-page Review, Critique, Relate summary using general writing style and format for each source - Article Example In fact, these long non-coding genes â€Å"might play a major role in regulating the activity of other genes† (â€Å"Human genome†). The information above is taken from the article entitled â€Å"Human genome far more active than thought,† which is published by BiologyNews.net under an anonymous writer. However, despite the absence of the writer’s name, the article cites Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute as the source of the information. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute is a charitable institution registered in England and performs research into genetics and disease, as well as the study of the human genome for the purpose of improving understanding of the principles that govern how the human body reacts to diseases. The reliability of the information in the article â€Å"Human genome far more active than thought† is therefore reliable and verifiable. The news on the discovery of 9,277 long non-coding genes using new, sophisticated technology, as well as the potential discovery of 10,000 more of these, has a profound significance on the medical field. As stated in the article itself, these newly-discovered genes and those about to be discovered may serve as the key to the cure of several incurable or hardly curable diseases that beset humans. Certain genes may, for example, be found to produce chemicals that help cause a disease or prevent it. Those genes known to trigger a disease should then be silenced, and those that prevent disease must be studied. The protozoa that causes malaria – Plasmodium vivax – has undergone the same genetic variations regardless where it is found and despite the distance among continents. This so-called â€Å"microbial globe trotter† protozoa which is harbored by mosquitoes is believed to have spread worldwide because of the tendency of people to travel despite the dormant protozoa in their liver (â€Å"Genome of